20 Aug Πίνακας Περιεχομένων
1. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSES
2. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERTENSION
2.1 Systolic versus diastolic and pulse pressure
2.2 Classification of hypertension
2.3 Total cardiovascular risk
2.3.1 Concept
2.3.2 Assessment
2.3.3 Limitations
3. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
3.1 Blood pressure measurement
3.1.1 Office or clinic blood pressure
3.1.2 Ambulatory blood pressure
3.1.3 Home blood pressure
3.1.4 Isolated office or white coat hypertension
3.1.5 Isolated ambulatory or masked hypertension
3.1.6 Blood pressure during exercise and laboratory stress
3.1.7 Central blood pressure
3.2 Family and clinical history
3.3 Physical examination
3.4 Laboratory investigation
3.5 Genetic analysis
3.6 Searching for subclinical organ damage
3.6.1 Heart
3.6.2 Blood vessels
3.6.3 Kidney
3.6.4 Fundoscopy
3.6.5 Brain
4. EVIDENCE FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Event based trials comparing active treatment to placebo
4.3 Event based trials comparing more or less intense blood pressure lowering
4.4 Event based trials comparing different active treatments
4.4.1 Calcium antagonists versus thiazide diuretics and ß-blockers
4.4.2 ACE inhibitors versus thiazide diuretics and ß-blockers
4.4.3 ACE inhibitors versus calcium antagonists
4.4.4 Angiotensin receptor antagonists versus other drugs
4.4.5 Trials with ß-blockers
4.4.6 Conclusions
4.5 Randomized trials based on intermediate end-points
4.5.1 Heart
4.5.2 Arterial wall and atherosclerosis
4.5.3 Brain and cognitive function
4.5.4 Renal function and disease
4.5.5 New onset diabetes
5. THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
5.1 When to initiate antihypertensive treatment
5.2 Goal of treatment
5.2.1 Blood pressure target in the general hypertensive population
5.2.2 Blood pressure target in diabetic and very high or high risk patients
5.2.3 Home and ambulatory blood pressure targets
5.2.4 Conclusions
5.3 Cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment
6. TREATMENT STRATEGIES
6.1 Lifestyle changes
6.1.1 Smoking cessation
6.1.2 Moderation of alcohol consumption
6.1.3 Sodium restriction
6.1.4 Other dietary changes
6.1.5 Weight reduction
6.1.6 Physical exercise
6.2 Pharmacological Therapy
6.2.1 Choice of antihypertensive drugs
6.2.2 Monotherapy
6.2.3 Combination treatment
7. THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS
7.1 Elderly
7.2 Diabetes mellitus
7.3 Cerebrovascular disease
7.3.1 Stroke and transient ischemic attacks
7.3.2 Cognitive dysfunction and dementia
7.4 Coronary heart disease and heart failure
7.5 Atrial fibrillation
7.6 Renal disease
7.7 Hypertension in women
7.7.1 Oral contraceptives
7.7.2 Hormone replacement therapy
7.7.3 Hypertension in pregnancy
7.8 Metabolic syndrome
7.9 Resistant hypertension
7.10 Hypertensive emergencies
7.11 Malignant hypertension
8. TREATMENT OF ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS
8.1 Lipid lowering agents
8.2 Antiplatelet therapies
8.3 Glycaemic control
9. SCREENING AND TREATMENT OF SECONDARY FORMS OF HYPERTENSION
9.1 Renal parenchymal disease
9.2 Renovascular hypertension
9.3 Phaeochromocytoma
9.4 Primary aldosteronism
9.5 Cushing’s syndrome
9.6 Obstructive sleep apnoea
9.7 Coarctation of aorta
9.8 Drug-induced hypertension